雄黄药材及饮片质量研究进展
摘要 矿物药是传统中药的重要组成部分,在中医药学的发展上有着独特的作用,其中具有代表性的矿物药,如雄黄。雄黄为硫化物类矿物雄黄族雄黄,主含二硫化二砷;现代药理研究表明雄黄具有免疫调节,抗菌,抗血吸虫,增强免疫力,镇痛抗炎,致突变等作用,还可使白血病细胞、血细胞、肿瘤细胞等凋亡。不同产地的雄黄,其共存元素和伴生矿物等不尽相同,其物理性状会有一定的变化范围,主要凭外观性状来判别矿物药的质量及真伪易产生许多问题。临床上需保证药物的安全性、有效性以及质量可控性。本文将对雄黄药材及饮片质量影响因素和质量控制方法以及质量检测方法研究进展进行总结和概述。
关键词雄黄;质量;真伪;质量影响因素;质量控制方法;质量检测方法
Research progress on the quality of realgar and medicinal tablets
AbstractMineral medicine is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine, which plays a unique role in the development of TCM, which is representative of mineral medicine, such as realgar. Realgar is a kind of sulfide mineral realgar, the main containing arsenic disulfide; modern pharmacological studies have shown that realgar has immunomodulatory, antibacterial, anti-schistosomiasis, enhanced immunity, analgesic anti-inflammatory, mutagenic and other effects, but also can make leukemia cells, blood cells, tumor cells and other apoptosis. Different origin of realgar, its coexisting elements and associated minerals are not the same, its physical characteristics will have a certain range of changes, mainly based on appearance traits to distinguish the quality and authenticity of mineral drugs easy to produce many problems. Clinically, it is necessary to ensure the safety, efficacy and quality control of the drug. In this paper, the research progress of the quality influencing factors, quality control methods and quality testing methods of realgar herbs and decoction tablets will be summarized .
Key WordsRealgar;Quality;Authenticity;Influencing factors;Qualitycontrol methods;Quality testing methods
雄黄入药记载始见于《神农本草经》,至今已有两千年多年。自东汉以后,历代主要本草文献多有记述。《神农本草经》中记述雄黄味苦,平,寒。主寒热,鼠瘘,恶疮,疽痔,死肌,杀精物,恶鬼,邪气,百虫,肿毒。雄黄外用用于痈疽发背,疔疮肿痛,乳痈,眼赤痛,腹胁痞块,疥癣,湿疮,破伤风,蛇虫咬伤等,内服用于喉风喉痹,咽喉肿痛,痰涎壅盛,惊痫,疟疾,哮喘,中暑等。
雄黄为硫化物类矿物,主含二硫化二砷,2015年版《中国药典》(一部)要求其含量不能低于90%,但据研究表明As2S2并非雄黄真实晶体结构,化学式应为As4S4,属单斜晶系结晶,有alpha;、beta;两种变体,alpha;型在常温下为稳定型,呈红色,在267℃时转变为beta;型,beta;型呈黑色[3]。雄黄具有毒性,炮制或服用不当均易造成人体中毒。一方面,雄黄的毒性与其所含的可溶性砷有关,如As2O3等;另一方面,雄黄常与雌黄、辰砂、辉锑等伴生,这些杂质本身也具有一定的毒性。同时,雄黄及其中成药中所含的微量元素,可能会促进或者抑制雄黄中可溶性神的溶出,进而对雄黄的药理活性和毒性产生一定的影响[5]。此外,不同产地的雄黄,其共存元素和伴生矿物等不尽相同,其物理性状会有一定的变化范围,主要凭外观性状来判别矿物药的质量及真伪易产生许多问题。综上所述,对于雄黄药材及饮片的质量控制研究是非常有必要的。
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