厌氧-好氧组合工艺处理畜禽养殖废水的研究进展
摘要:畜禽养殖废水是一种具有高有机物、高氨氮、高固体悬浮物特征的难处理废水。因畜禽养殖业的规模化、集约化发展趋势,综合考虑废水处理的土地成本与运行成本,多采用集中工业处理的方式。其中,厌氧-好氧组合工艺作为最常见的工业化处理手段之一,仍面临运行成本高、运行稳定性差等问题。为了综合了解厌氧-好氧组合工艺在处理畜禽养殖废水时的实际应用效果,研究采用文献综述的方法,对实际生产和理论研究中采取不同处理模式时得到的污染物去除率进行总结,并结合实际生产案例,剖析不同技术模式在实际生产应用中的优势和短板。管理者可根据养殖场的规模和废水的产生情况,合理选择适合的废水处理模式,从而降低养殖污染物排放,节约成本。
关键词:畜禽养殖废水;厌氧-好氧组合工艺;COD;氨氮
Advances in combined anaerobic- aerobic process for treating livestock farming wastewater
Abstract: Livestock wastewater is a kind of difficult to treat wastewater with the characteristics of high organic matter, high ammonia nitrogen and high solid suspended solids. Due to the scale and intensive development trend of the livestock farming industry, the centralised industrial treatment method is mostly used, taking into account the land cost and operation cost of wastewater treatment. Among them, the combined anaerobic-aerobic process, as one of the most common industrial treatment means, still faces problems such as high operating costs and poor operational stability. In order to comprehensively understand the practical application effect of the combined anaerobic-aerobic process in treating livestock wastewater, the study adopts a literature review method to summarise the pollutant removal rates obtained when different treatment modes are adopted in actual production and theoretical studies, and to analyse the advantages and shortcomings of different technology modes in actual production application in conjunction with actual production cases. Managers can reasonably choose the appropriate wastewater treatment mode according to the scale of the farm and the generation of wastewater, thus reducing the discharge of farm pollutants and saving costs.
Key words: livestock wastewater; combined anaerobic-aerobic process; COD; ammonia nitrogen
一、文献综述
由于人类物质生活水平的提高,畜禽类及其周边产品需求的增长,促进了畜禽养殖业的规模化、集约化进程。然而,无论是规模化养殖还是分散式养殖,产生的废水都具有相似的特点[1],即有机物浓度高、恶臭味大、悬浮物与氨氮含量高。畜禽养殖废水的产生导致了部分地区粪尿、污水的过度集中,致使周边环境承受着巨大的压力。为此,国家发布了一系列政策,支持和推动粪污的处理利用,在畜禽养殖污染的源头减量、过程控制、末端利用等方面形成了较为系统的政策体系和处理利用模式[2]。
畜禽养殖废水作为一种典型的高氨氮废水,是目前国内外公认的难处理废水之一,2020年发布的《第二次全国污染源普查公报》数据显示,畜禽养殖业排放的化学需氧量(学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)、氨氮(NH4 -N)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(total phosphorous,TP)在全国水污染物排放量占比分别为46.67%、11.51%、19.61%和37.95%,是我国农业面源污染的主要污染来源[3]。加强对畜禽养殖业污染的防治,已成为现阶段中国农村环境保护的重要工作[4]。截至目前,我国已陆续颁布并施行了《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB18596-2001)、《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB5084-2004)与《畜禽养殖业污染治理工程技术规范》(HJ497-2009)等相关条例,作为规范养殖业污染排放与治理的重要参考,也对用于农田灌溉的养殖废水水质进行了明确要求。我国各类养殖废水污染物特征、排放标准与农田灌溉水质标准见表1[5,6]和表2[7]。
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